钙对烟草叶片热激忍耐和活性氧代谢的影响

热胁迫导致烟草叶片细胞膜系统显著受损,表现为SOD活性降低和MDA含量明显升高,叶片叶绿素含量下降,活性氧增加。10mmol/LcaCl2溶液处理烟草幼苗后,能有效降低热胁迫下叶片细胞膜透性,维持较高的SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性,减缓O2^-形成和膜脂过氧化反应。研究结果表明,CaCl2处理提高了烟草叶片膜稳定性和膜保护酶活性,有利于保护细胞膜结构,降低高温对烟草幼苗的伤害。钙离子螯合剂EGTA能在一定程度上降低烟草叶片的抗热性。     

银杏叶药物成分的数量遗传分析及多性状选择

收集国内银杏优良无性第87个,探讨叶内黄酮及内酯的遗传规律并筛选高药物成分的叶用品种。结果表明,银杏叶黄酮的遗传力（h^2),遗传变异系数（GCV）等遗传参数都是无性系＞性别＞种源。雄株叶内黄酮σg^2,h^2,GCV和△G‘大于雌株。雄株内有黄酮含量最高的无性系,而雌株内有内酯含量最高的无性系。含有结果性状的多性状选择指数,指数遗传力Hi^2,选择数与性状基因型值的相关riY^2,选择指数的效率E1及相关遗传进度的比较效率CGS‘均较单性状选择和不含结果性状的多性状选择高。银杏叶用品种更适于直接或指数选择。采用Wricke等方法对基因稳定性进行评价,筛选出4个高黄酮和高内酯无性系,黄酮含量大于2％,内酯大于0．3％。     

Factors affecting fruit and seed production in Dactylorhixa maculata (Orchidaceae)

It has been argued that some of resources needed for fruit and seed production in terrestrial orchids originate from storage in underground biomass. Resources for female reproductive traits may also originate from current photosynthesis. Orchid mycorrhiza may also influence fruit and seed production. The extent to which current photosynthetic activity and nutrient uptake via mycorrhizal fungi affect fruit and seed production has only rarely been studied experimentally. This paper examines the importance of photosynthesis and mycorrhiza for fruit and seed production, leaf area and plant status in the next season for Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó in two populations. Plants were hand-pollinated in two populations to assure successful fertilization. Photosynthesis in the main leaves and in the green parts of inflorescence was prevented and/or mycorrhizal function inhibited by applying thiabendazole to plants. None of the treatments affected relative capsule production, but all treatments resulted in significant decreases in capsule dry weight and the number of seeds produced. The fact that seed production remained high in spite of the experimental treatments indicates that resources stored in the underground corms were used in fruit development and seed production. Inhibition of photosynthesis decreased leaf area in the year following treatments, while the other treatments had no effect on subsequent growth.     

Water deficit in field-grown Gossypium hirsutum primarily limits net photosynthesis by decreasing stomatal conductance,increasing photorespiration,and increasing the ratio of dark respiration to gross photosynthesis

Much effort has been expended to improve irrigation efficiency and drought tolerance of agronomic crops; however, a clear understanding of the physiological mechanisms that interact to decrease source strength and drive yield loss has not been attained. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms contributing to inhibition of net carbon assimilation under drought stress, three cultivars of Gossypium hirsutum were grown in the field under contrasting irrigation regimes during the 2012 and 2013 growing season near Camilla, Georgia, USA. Physiological measurements were conducted on three sample dates during each growing season (providing a broad range of plant water status) and included, predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψ_PD and Ψ_MD), gross and net photosynthesis, dark respiration, photorespiration, and chlorophyll a fluorescence. End-of-season lint yield was also determined. Ψ_PD ranged from −0.31 to −0.95 MPa, and Ψ_MD ranged from −1.02 to −2.67 MPa, depending upon irrigation regime and sample date. G. hirsutum responded to water deficit by decreasing stomatal conductance, increasing photorespiration, and increasing the ratio of dark respiration to gross photosynthesis, thereby limiting P_N and decreasing lint yield (lint yield declines observed during the 2012 growing season only). Conversely, even extreme water deficit, causing a 54% decline in P_N, did not negatively affect actual quantum yield, maximum quantum yield, or photosynthetic electron transport. It is concluded that P_N is primarily limited in drought-stressed G. hirsutum by decreased stomatal conductance, along with increases in respiratory and photorespiratory carbon losses, not inhibition or down-regulation of electron transport through photosystem II. It is further concluded that Ψ_PD is a reliable indicator of drought stress and the need for irrigation in field-grown cotton.     

南岳衡山珍稀濒危野生植物资源调查

2008—2010年,对南岳衡山野生植物资源进行了实地调查,调查结果表明:南岳衡山有国家重点保护野生植物17种,其中一级保护3种,二级保护14种。国家珍稀濒危植物14种。列入2007年《中国物种红色名录》中受胁威的珍稀濒危植物87种,其中极危1种,濒危13种,易危36种,近危26种,无危11种。兰科植物23属46种,且具有附生、地生和腐生各种生态类型。另外对银杏、伯乐树居群进行了分析,得出南岳衡山是银杏野生居群保存和现代分布地区之一,保存在该区的银杏,伯乐树的天然林应为原始林的残遗成分,具有古老和残遗特性。     

The 60S associated ribosome biogenesis factor LSG1‐2 is required for 40S maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana

Ribosome biogenesis involves a large ensemble of trans‐acting factors, which catalyse rRNA processing, ribosomal protein association and ribosomal subunit assembly. The circularly permuted GTPase Lsg1 is such a ribosome biogenesis factor, which is involved in maturation of the pre‐60S ribosomal subunit in yeast. We identified two orthologues of Lsg1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Both proteins differ in their C‐terminus, which is highly charged in atLSG1‐2 but missing in atLSG1‐1. This C‐terminus of atLSG1‐2 contains a functional nuclear localization signal in a part of the protein that also targets atLSG1‐2 to the nucleolus. Furthermore, only atLSG1‐2 is physically associated with ribosomes suggesting its function in ribosome biogenesis. Homozygous T‐DNA insertion lines are viable for both LSG1 orthologues. In plants lacking atLSG1‐2 18S rRNA precursors accumulate and a 20S pre‐rRNA is detected, while the amount of pre‐rRNAs that lead to the 25S and 5.8S rRNA is not changed. Thus, our results suggest that pre‐60S subunit maturation is important for the final steps of pre‐40S maturation in plants. In addition, the lsg1‐2 mutants show severe developmental defects, including triple cotyledons and upward curled leaves, which link ribosome biogenesis to early plant and leaf development.     

北京常见阔叶绿化植物滞留PM2.5能力与叶面微结构的关系

叶片是植物滞留大气颗粒物的主要载体,对城市环境质量的改善发挥着巨大作用。该文用洗脱法测定了北京市20种常见阔叶绿化植物单位叶面积滞留总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)及PM2.5(颗粒直径≤2.5μm)的质量,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了叶表面的微结构,分析比较了20种道路绿化植物叶片去除TSP与PM2.5的能力,以探讨典型植物叶表面微结构特征对大气颗粒物拦截效果的影响机理。结果显示:(1)不同植物单位叶面积滞留TSP和PM2.5的量均存在显著差异,变化范围分别为0.40~3.44g/m2和0.04~0.39g/m2。(2)叶表面沟槽宽度的不同可能是不同植物滞留TSP和PM2.5差异的主要原因,沟槽宽度过宽和过窄均不利于叶片捕集颗粒物,且颗粒物滞留量随沟槽深度增加而增大。(3)气孔密度较大的叶片表面颗粒物滞留量较大。研究表明,灌木与藤本植物单位叶面积对TSP和PM2.5的平均滞留量均大于乔木;叶表面沟槽宽度为5μm左右时对PM2.5滞留量较大;悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)、木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)和大叶黄杨(Buxus sinica)单位叶面积滞留TSP与PM2.5量与其他供试植物相比均较大。     

北京城区夏、秋季节短期增温对月季暗呼吸及光合参数的影响

与光呼吸不同,光对植物叶片暗呼吸具有明显抑制作用。目前,植物叶片这一生理生态现象很少受到关注,但光抑制呼吸会导致叶片日间碳损失,对植物碳平衡有重要影响。利用Li-6400(Li-Cor,USA)光合仪模拟北京城区夏、秋季增温对月季(Rosa chinensis)叶片暗呼吸及光合参数的影响。结果表明:(1)短期增温处理显著提高了蒸腾速率(Tr),降低了胞间CO2浓度(Ci),夏季增温时气孔导度(Gs)降低而秋季增温明显升高。(2)夏季增温5℃,有光暗呼吸(RL)显著高于增温2℃(P0.05),而增温2℃对RL影响不显著(P0.05);秋季增温5℃,RL显著高于增温3℃(P0.05)。4个不同短期增温处理都对无光暗呼吸(RD)影响显著(P0.05)。(3)秋季增温5℃对光抑制呼吸影响显著(P0.05);其它3个短期增温影响不显著(P0.05)。(4)秋季增温5℃,月季暗呼吸对增温敏感性显著高于增温3℃的值(P0.05)。目的为分析城市白昼气温上升导致植物叶片碳损失估计提供实验案例,是提高城市植物碳汇生态服务功能可能途径的基础。     

一个玉米旱敏感突变体的遗传分析与基因定位

玉米干旱胁迫相关突变体在发掘玉米耐旱关键基因研究中具有重要利用价值。在玉米自交系综31的田间扩繁过程中,发现一个玉米干旱胁迫敏感的自然突变体,该突变体在轻度干旱条件下叶片发生卷曲,严重干旱时叶尖变黄,衰老坏死。遗传分析表明突变性状受1对主效单基因控制,表现为隐性遗传,将突变基因命名为DS。利用B73与突变体ds组配F2分离群体,以干旱条件下叶片是否卷曲为指标,将DS基因初定位在第3号染色体SSR标记umc1772和umc2158之间,物理距离为5 Mb。以上研究结果为该基因的克隆及功能分析奠定了基础。     

Interfacial Effects of Superhydrophobic Plant Surfaces： A Review

Nature is a huge gallery of art involving nearly perfect structures and properties over the millions of years of development. Many plants and animals show water-repellent properties with fine micro-structures, such as lotus leaf, water skipper and wings of butterfly. Inspired by these special surfaces, the artificial superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted wide attention in both basic research and industrial applications. The wetting properties of superhydrophobic surfaces in nature are affected by the chemical compositions and the surface topographies. So it is possible to realize the biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces by tuning their surface roughness and surface free energy correspondingly. This review briefly introduces the physical-chemical basis of superhydrophobic plant surfaces in nature to explain how the superhydrophobicity of plant surfaces can be applied to different biomimetic functional materials with relevance to technological applications. Then, three classical effects of natural surfaces are classified： lotus effect, salvinia effect, and petal effect, and the promising strategies to fabricate biomimetic su- perhydrophobic materials are highlighted. Finally, the prospects and challenges of this area in the future are proposed.